Geography Chapter 1 : India – Location, Relief and Drainage.

25 Nov 2020 2:55 pm

Tamilnadu, Samacheer Kalvi, 10th, Social Science, Solutions, Geography, Chapter 1, India, Location, Relief and Drainage,

I. Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
The north-south extent of India is:
(a) 2,500km
(b) 292,933 km
(c) 3,214km
(d) 2,814km
Answer:
(c) 3,214km

Question 2.
The Southern most point of India is ……….
(a) Andaman
(b) Kanyakumari
(c) Indira Point
(d) kavaratti
Answer:
(c) Indira Point

Question 3.
The extent of Himalayas in the east-west is about:
(a) 2,500 km
(b) 2,400 km
(c) 800 km
(d) 2,200 km
Answer:
(a) 2,500 km

Question 4.
……… River is known as ‘Sorrow of Bihar’.
(a) Narmada
(b) Godavari
(c) Kosi
(d) Damodar
Answer:
(c) Kosi

Question 5.
Deccan Plateau covers an area of about sq.km.
(a) 8 lakh
(b) 6 lakh
(c) 5 lakh
(d) 7 lakh
Answer:
(d) 7 lakh

Question 6.
A landmass bounded by sea on three sides is referred to as ………
(a) Coast
(b) Island
(c) Peninsula
(d) Strait
Answer:
(c) Peninsula

Question 7.
The Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar separates India from:
(a) Goa
(b) West Bengal
(c) Sri Lanka
(d) Maldives
Answer:
(c) Sri Lanka

Question 8.
The highest peak in South India is …………
(a) Ooty
(b) Kodaikanal
(c) Anaimudi
(d) Jindhagada
Answer:
(c) Anaimudi

Question 9.
Plains are formed by the older alluviums.
(a) Bhabar
(b) Tarai
(c) Bhangar
(d) Khadar
Answer:
(c) Bhangar

Question 10.
Pulicat Lake is located between the states of ………….
(a) West Bengal and Odisha
(b) Karnataka and Kerala
(c) Odisha and Andhra Pradesh
(d) Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
Answer:
(d) Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh

II. Match the following

Answer:
A. (iii)
B. (i)
C. (v)
D. (ii)
E. (iv)

III. Give Reasons

Question 1.
The Himalayas are called young fold mountains.
Answer:
The Himalayas are called young fold mountains. Because they have been formed only few million years ago and also they were formed because of the folding of the Earth crust due to tectonic activity’.
[OR]
High pointed peaks and parallel ranges is the features of young fold mountains. Since the Himalayas have these features they are called young fold mountains.

Question 2.
North Indian Rivers are perennial.
Answer:
Most of the North Indian Rivers are perennial. It means that they have water throughout the year. These rivers receive water from rain as well as from melted snow from the lofty mountains.

Question 3.
Chottanagpur Plateau is rich in mineral resources.
Answer:
This region is a part of the ancient Gondwana region. So, Chotanagpur plateau is rich in mineral resources like iron ore and coal.

Question 4.
The great ludian desert ii called Marusthall.
Answer:
The Thar desert, also known as the Great Indian desert is a large arid region in the north
western part of the Indian Subcontinent that covers an area of 2,00,000 Km² and forms a natural boundary between India and Pakistan.
Marusthali means sand-dune. It covered eastern portion of the Great indian Thar Desert in western Rajasthan. It extends over about 24,000 square miles north of the Luni River.

Question 5.
The Eastern states are called seven sisters.
Answer:
The Eastern states in India are the continuous seven states. Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura and Meghalaya. “A paradise unexplored” named by a journalist Jyothi Prakash Salkia in 1972 during the inaugural foundation of North East states.

Question 6.
The river Godavari is often referred to as Vridha Ganga.
Answer:

The Godavari is India’s second longest river after Ganga.
It rises from the slopes of the Western Ghats in the Nasik district of Maharashtra.
It covers a large number of states as the Ganga does. Because of its large size and extend among the peninsular rivers, the river Godavari is often referred to as Vridha Ganga.

IV. Distinguish between the following

Question 1.
Himalayan rivers and Peninsular rivers.
Answer:
Himalayan Rivers:

Originate from the Himalayas.
Perennial in nature.
Long and Wide.
Middle and Lower courses are navigable.
Unsuitable for hydropower generation.

Peninsular Rivers:

Originate from Western ghats.
Non-perennial in nature.
Short and narrow.
Not useful for navigation.
Suitable for hydro-power generation.

Question 2.
Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.
Answer:

Western ghats:

Western ghats forms the Western edge of the peninsular plateau.
It runs parallel to the Arabian sea coast.
They are continuous range.
Anaimudi is the highest peak.

Eastern ghats:

Eastern ghats form the Eastern edge of the peninsular plateau.
It runs parallel to the Bay of Bengal coast.
They are not continuous dissected by east flowing rivers.
Mahendragiri is the highest peak.

Question 3.
Himadri and Himachal.
Answer:
Himadri:

Northern most range of the Himalayas.
Known as the Greater Himalayas.
Lofty peaks like Mt.Everest, Kanchenjunga etc., are located in this range.
Region of permanent snow cover.

Himachal:

Middle range of the Himalayas.
Known as the lesser Himalayas.
Major hill stations like Shimla, Daijeeling etc., are located in this region.
Subjected to extensive erosion.

Question 4.
Western Coastal Plains and Eastern Coastal Plains.
Answer:
Western Coastal plains:

Lies between Western ghats and Arabian Sea.
It extends from Rann of Kutch in the North to Kanyakumari in the South.
Dotted with sandy beaches, lagoons and estuary.
It is known as Konkan plains in the North Kanara in the middle and Malabar in the South.

Eastern Coastal plains:

Lies between Eastern ghats and the Bay of Bengal.
It stretches along the states of West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Has regular shoreline and composed of alluvial deposits.
Northern part (Mahanadhi-Krishna) called as Northern circars and Southern part (Krishna-Kaveri) is called Coromandal coast.

V. Answer in brief

Question 1.
Name the neighbouring countries of India.
Answer:
The neighbouring countries of India are Pakistan in the West, Afghanistan in the North-West, China, Nepal and Bhutan in the North and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the East and Srilanka in the South.

Question 2.
Give the importance of IST.
Answer:
To avoid the confusion of time in different states of India. One meridian is taken to have a uniform time for a whole country. Therefore 80° 30′ E has been chosen as the Standard Meridian of India which is almost passing from the centre of India.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Deccan Plateau.
Answer:

Deccan plateau is the largest part of the peninsular plateau.
It is roughly triangular in shape.
It covers an area of 7 lakh sq km.
The height ranges from 500 to 1000m above sea level.
It extends from Rajmahal hills on the East to Kanyakumari in the South. Satpura range in the West to Kanyakumari in the South. Bordered by Western Ghats on the West and Eastern ghats on the East.

Question 4.
State the west-flowing rivers of India.
Answer:

The Narmada and the Tapi are the west flowing rivers of the Peninsular India.
These rivers drain into the Arabian Sea.
These rivers form estuaries on the west coast.
These rivers are devoid of an large tributary system.
Narmada river is the largest among the west flowing rivers of peninsular India. Its principal tributaries are Bushner, Halon, Heran, Banjar, Dudhi, Shakkar, Tawa, Bama and Kolar.
Tapti river is one of only the three rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west. The others being the Narmada and the Mahi.
The major tributaries are Vaki, Gomai, Arunavati, Aner, Nesu, Buray Panjhra and Bori. It outfall into the Arabian sea through the Gulf of Cambay.

Question 5.
Write a brief note on the island group of Lakshadweep.
Answer:

The Lakshadweep islands of India are located off the West coast of India.
These islands are of coral origin.
It covers an area of 32 sq km and consists of 27 islands.
Kavaratti is the administrative capital of Lakshadweep.
Earlier it had three divisions namely Laccadives, Minicoy and Aminidivi and was named as Lakshadweep in 1973.
“Pitt Island” of this group has a bird sanctuary and it is uninhabited.

VI. Answer In a paragraph

Question 1.
Explain the divisions of the Northern Mountains and its importance to India.
Answer:

The Himalayas geologically young and structurally fold mountains stretch over the northern borders of India.
The Himalayas represent the loftiest and one of the most rugged mountain barriers of the world.
The mountain ranges run in a west-east direction from India to the Brahmaputra.

Question 2.
Give an account on the major peninsular rivers of India.
Answer:

The rivers in South India are called the Peninsular rivers.
Most of these rivers originate from the Western ghats.
These rivers are seasonal and are mainly fed by rain.
Based on the direction of flow the Peninsular rivers are divided into East flowing rivers and West flowing rivers.

East flowing rivers:

Mahanadi: Originates near Sihawa in Raipur district of Chattisgarh.
- Flows through Odisha, Jharkand, Chattisgarh (851 km in length)
- Major tributaries: Seonath, Telen, Sandur and lb.
- Distributaries: Paika, Birupa, Chitartala, Genguti and Nun.
- These distributaries forms the Delta of Mahanadhi, one of the largest delta in India.
- This river flows into Bay of Bengal.

(ii) Godavari:

It is the longest river (1,465km) among the peninsular rivers covers 3.13 lakh km2 area.
Originates in Nasik district of Maharashtra.
Flows through the States of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh ends into Bay of Bengal.
Major distributaries: Puma, Penganga, Pranitha, Indravathi, Tal and Salami.
Distributaries: Near Rajahmundry divides into two channels. Vasishta and Gautami and form one of the largest delta.
Fresh water lake: Kolleru is located in the deltaic region of Godavari.

(iii) Krishna:

It is the second longest peninsular river (1400 km) covers 2.58 lakh sq km area.
Originates from a spring in Mahabaleshwar in the Western ghats of Maharashtra.
Flows through Andhra Pradesh.
Major tributaries: Bhima, Peddavagu, Musi, Koyna and Thungabhadra.
Joins in Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladevi.

(iv) Kaveri:

Originates at Talakaveri – Kudagu hills of Karnataka (800km).
It is also known as Dakshin Ganga or Ganga of the South.
Main Tributaries: Hemavathi, Kabini, Bhavani, Arkavathy, Amaravathi, Harangi etc.
Distributary – Coleroon
Sacred lslands made by river Kaveri: Sri ranagpattinam(Kamataka) Srirangam (TamilNadu) Waterfalls – Sivasamudram.
Flows through Karnataka and TamilNadu.
Enters TamilNadu through Hoghenekkal Falls (Dharmapuri).
Drains into Bay of Bengal at Poompuhar.

West Flowing Rivers:

(i) Narmadha:

Origin: Araarkantak Plateau (Madhya Pradesh)
Length: 1312 km covers an area of 98,796 sq km.
Largest among the West flowing rivers.
Tributaries: Burhner, Halon, Heran, Banjar, Dudhi, Shakkar, Tawa, Bama, Kolar.
States benefited: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra.
Ends into Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Cambay.
Forms 27 km long estuary.

(ii) Tapti:

Rises near Multani in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh.
Length: 724 km. Covers an area of 65,145 sq km.
Tributaries: Vaki, Gomai, Arunnavati, Aner, Nesu, Buray, Panjhra and Bori.
Outfalls into the Arabian Sea through Gulf of Cambay.
States: Flows through Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
Since all these rivers flow in the plateau region they are swift and are useful for hydro power generation.

Question 3.
Give a detailed account on the basin of the Ganga.
Answer:

On the basis of deposition of Sediments by various rivers and topographical characteristics, the Northern plains of India is divided into the four major regions. Ganga plains is one among them.
It extends from the Yamuna River in the West to Bangladesh in the East.
The extensive plain is the largest plain of India covers 3.75 lakh sq. km.
It is watered by the River Ganga and its tributaries such as Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Yamuna, Chambal, Betwa etc.
It is formed by the sediments of these rivers and is fertile in nature.
The general slope of the entire plain is towards East and South-East.
Ganga plains covers the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.

VII. Map exercises

Mark the following in the outline map of India

Question 1.
Major mountain ranges – Karakoram,Ladakh, Zaskar, Aravaili, Western Ghats,Eastern Ghats.
Answer:

Question2.
Major rivers – Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Tapti, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.
Answer:

Question 3.
Major plateaus – Malwa, Chotanagpur, Deccan.
Answer:

VIII. Activities

Question 1.
Observe the Peninsular Plateau map of India and mark the major plateau divisions of India.
Answer:

Question 2.
Prepare a table showing the major West flowing and East flowing rivers of peninsular India.
Answer:
West flowing rivers:

Narmada, Tapti, Mahi.
Flows into Arabian Sea through Gulf of cambay.
Do not make deltas but form estuary.

East flowing rivers:

Mahanadhi, Godhavari, Krishna and Kaveri.
Flows into Bay of Bengal.
Make deltas at their lower courses.

Question 3.
Assume that you are travelling from West Bengal to Gujarat along the beautiful coasts of India. Find out the states which you would pass through?
Answer:
From West Bengal, if we travel along the East coast we could pass through Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu states from North to South and from South to North along the West Coast we would pass through the states of Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and reach Gujarat.

Question 4.
Find out the states through which the river Ganga flows.
Answer:
River Ganga flows through the States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.

Samacheer Kalvi 10th Social Science Guide Geography Chapter 1 India Location, Relief and Drainage 3

Samacheer Kalvi 10th Social Science Guide Geography Chapter 1 India Location, Relief and Drainage 44

Samacheer Kalvi 10th Social Science Guide Geography Chapter 1 India Location, Relief and Drainage 45

Question 5.
Prepare a table showing the major rivers in India and findout it’s tributaries, origin, length and area.
Answer:

Text Book. PNo: 83

Find Out

Question 1.
The number of Union Territories along the western coast and eastern coast.
Answer:
Union Territories along the western coast are:

Diu and Daman
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Mahe and Lakshadweep.

Union Territories along eastern coast are:

Pondicherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question 2.
Area wise which is the largest and the smallest state?
Answer:

Area wise Rajasthan is the largest state (3,42,239 sq.km).
The smallest state is Goa (3,702 sq km).

Question 3.
The states which do not have an international border or lie on the largest state.
Answer:
Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh.

Question 4.
Classify into four groups each having common frontiers with

Pakistan
China
Myanmar
Bangladesh.

Answer:

Pakistan – Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat.
China – Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarkhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.
Myanmar – Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland Manipur, Mizoram.
Bangladesh – Meghalaya, Assam, West Bengal, Tripura.

TB. PNo: 85
Find Out

Question 5.
Find the Hill stations which are located in the Himalayan Mountains.
Answer:
Major hill stations of the Himalayas are Shimla, Mussoorie, Nainital, Almora, Ranikhet and Darjeeling.

TB. PNo: 95
Find Out

Question 6.
In which river the Gerosappa (jog) fall is found?
Answer:
In the river Sharavathi is the Gerosappa (jog) falls (830m). Second highest waterfalls in India.

Samacheer Kalvi 10th Social Science India: Location, Relief and Drainage Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
India is the ………………… largest country in Asia.
(a) first
(b) second
(c) fourth
(d) third
Answer:
(b) second

Question 2.
Along with Hindukush and Karakoram range ……… provide a natural boundary in the
north.
(a) Aravalli
(b) Satpura
(c) Himalayas
Answer:
(c) Himalayas

Question 3.
The ………………… latitude passes through the middle of the country.
(a) 0°
(b) 23°.30’N
(c) 66°.30’N
(d) 23°.30’S
Answer:
(b) 23°.30’N

Question 4.
The coconut bearing coastal plains are on the ………
(a) east
(b) west
(c) south
Answer:
(c) south

Question 5.
The ………………… is known as the “Roof of the World”.
(a) Armenian knot
(b) Anaimudi
(c) Pamirknot
(d) Mt.Everest
Answer:
(c) Pamirknot

Question 6.
The …….. land gets abundance sunshine from the sun.
(a) mediterranean
(b) tropical
(c) equatorial
Answer:
(b) tropical

Question 7.
The Great Northern plains covers an area of over sq.km.
(a) 5 lakh
(b) 6 lakh
(c) 7 lakh
(d) 8 lakh
Answer:
(c) 7 lakh

Question 8.
The …… divides India into two halves.
(a) tropic of Cancer 231/2° N
(b) equator 0°
(c) tropic of Capricorn 231/2° S
Answer:
(a) tropic of Cancer 231/2° N

Question 9.
The ………………… desert is the world 9th largest sub tropical desert.
(a) Gobi
(b) Atacama
(c) Kalahari
(d) Thar
Answer:
(d) Thar

Question 10.
India is …….. times bigger than Pakistan.
(a) two
(b) five
(c) four
Answer:
(c) four

II. Match the following

Question 1.

Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (iii)
B. (i)
C. (v)
D. (ii)
E. (iv)

Question 2.
Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (iv)
B. (v)
C. (ii)
D. (iii)
E. (i)

III. Give Reasons

Question 1.
Peninsular Rivers are Non-Perennial.
Answer:
Peninsular rivers originate from the Western Ghats. They have a large seasonal fluctuation in the volume of water as they are solely fed by the rain. So these Rivers are seasonal and non-perennial.

Question 2.
Andaman and Nicobar islands have dense forests.
Answer:
Since these islands lie close to the equator, the climate remains hot and wet throughout the year and has dense forests.

Question 3.
India has close contact with the countries of the West and the East.
Answer:
India’s Southward extension along the Indian ocean and the trans Indian . ocean routes provide a strategic position to India connecting the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia. Thus, India has close contact with the countries of the West and the East.

Question 4.
India is geographically vibrant and incredible country.
Answer:
The majestic Himalayan peaks in the North, beautiful beaches in the South, the Great Indian desert in the West and the breathtaking natural heritage in the East make India geographically vibrant and an incredible country.

IV. Distinguish between the following

Question 1.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands.
Answer:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands:

Located in Bay of Bengal.
These islands are of volcanic origin.
Port Blair is the administrative capital.
Consists of nearly 572 islands.

Lakshadweep Islands:

Located in Arabian Sea off the West coast of India.
These islands are mainly coral origin.
Kavaratti is the administrative capital.
Consists of nearly 27 islands.

Question 2.
Bhangar plains and Khadar plains.
Answer:
Bhangar plains:

Upland alluvial tracts of Great plains.
Formed by the older alluvium.
Soil is dark, rich in humus.
Well drained and fit for agriculture.

Khadar plains:

Plains along the courses of the rivers of Great plains.
Formed by the newer alluvium.
Soil is sandy, silt, clay and mud.
Highly fertile.

Question 3.
West flowing rivers and East flowing rivers.
Answer:
West flowing rivers:

Flow into Gulf of Cambay.
Form estuaries
Narmadha, Tapti and Mahi are the major west flowing rivers.

East flowing rivers of Peninsular plateau or South India:

Flow into Bay of Bengal.
Form Deltas
Mahanadhi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri are the major east flowing rivers.

Question 4.
Tributary and Distributary.
Answer:
Tributary:

A river or stream that joins with the main river.
Contributes water to the main river.
Eg: Yamuna tributary of river Ganga.

Distributary:

A branch or outlet that leaves the main river.
Carries water to the sea or lake.
Eg: River Coleroon a distributary of river Kaveri.

V. Answer in brief

Question 1.
Mention the tributaries of Godavari.
Answer:
Ghatprabha, Malaprabha, Manjira, Penganga and Neingarga.

Question 2.
Name the boundaries of India.
Answer:
India is bounded by Bay of Bengal on the East, Arabian sea on the West, Indian ocean in the South and the lofty Himalayas in the North

Question 3.
Why do we need a Standard Meridian for India?
Answer:
To avoid time gap of two hours between east and west part of India which may create confusion in working, it is essential to have a Standard Meridian.

Question 4.
How India is politically divided?
Answer:
India is politically divided into 29 states and 7 union territories (Delhi being the National Capital territory) for administrative convenience.

Question 5.
Why is India called a Sub-continent? How it is separated?
Answer:

India is called a Sub-continent because it is big landmass, which stands out as a distinct geographical unit from the rest of the continent.
It is separated by natural features like mountains and rivers.
India is also separated from rest of the continent by the mighty Himalayas.

Question 6.
Name the three major divisions of the Northern Mountains.
Answer:
The three major divisions of the Northern mountains are:

The Trans-Himalayas (or) The Western Himalayas
The Himalayas
Eastern Hills or Purvanchal Hills

Question 7.
Why is Northern Plain most productive part of India?
Answer:
With a rich soil cover combined with an adequate water supply and favourable climate Northern plain is agriculturally a very productive part of India.

Question 8.
How has Northern Plain become a fertile Plain?
Answer:
The plain is formed of alluvial soil. The deposition of alluvium in a large basis lying at the foothills of the Himalayan over millions of years make northern plains fertile.

VI. Answer in a paragraph

Question 1.
India is a Sub-Continent. Prove it.
Answer:

Physical features
Climate conditions
Natural vegetation
Cultural norms
Ancient ethic and linguistic groups
Huge area

All these distinctive continental characteristic are found in India. Hence we consider India as a Sub-Continent.

Question 2.
Name the old fold mountain in India and write a brief note on it.
Answer:

Aravalli range is the old fold mountain in India.
These mountains are the relies and are reduced into hills due to erosional features.
The Aravalli hills form the North-Western and Western boundary of the Central Highlands a sub division of Peninsular plateau.
These hills extends from Gujarat through Rajasthan to Delhi in the North westerly direction (700km).
The height of these hills is about 1500m in South west and near Delhi hardly 400m.
Gurushikar (1722m) is the highest peak of this range.

Question 3.
Write a note on Purvanchal Hills.
Answer:

They are the eastern off-shoot of Himalayas.
It extended in the north-eastern states of India.
Most of these hills are located along the border of India and Myanmar while others are inside India.
Dafla Hills, Abor Hills, Mishmi Hills, Patkai Bum Hills, Naga Hills, Manipur Hills, Mizo Hills, Tripura Hills, Mikir Hills, Garo Hills, Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills are the hills which are collectively known as Purvanchal Hills.

Question 4.
Write in general about the structure of the Peninsular plateau.
Answer:

The peninsular plateau lies to the south of the Great Northern plains.
This is the largest physiographic division covers an area of about 16 lakh sq.km.
It is made up of old rocks and consists of series of plateaus and hill ranges interspersed with river valleys.
The average height of a large portion of this plateau is more than 600m.
Anaimudi is the highest point of this place located in Anaimalai.
The plateau slopes towards east and is a part of ancient Gondwana.
River Narmada divides the Plateau region into two. The region lying to the north of Narmada is called Central Highlands and South of Narmada is called Deccan plateau.

VII. Map exercises

Question 1.
Mark the following in the outline map of India.

Set 1:

Mark the boundaries of India

Latitudinal Extent

Longitudinal Extent

Tropic of cancer

Lakshadweep Islands

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Central Meridian of India

Set 2:

Peaks: Anaimudi, Mt. Everest, Mt.K2 Mahendragiri, Gurushikhar. NamchaBarwa, Nanga parbat, Kanchenjunga. Dhaulagiri, Makalu. Nandadevi, Dodabetta.

Hill stations: Shimla, Mussourie Ranikhet, Nainital, Almora, Darjeeling.

Hills: Aravalli, Vindhya. Satpura, Naga hills, Mizo hills, Garo hills, Khasi hills, Jaintia hills, Nilgiri hills, Anaimalai hills, Cardomom hills, Raj Mahal hills, Gir hills.

Gulf: Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kutch, Rann of Kutch, Palk Strait, Gulf of Cambay.